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1996-08-23
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@156 CHAP 3
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│TRAPS AND PITFALLS IN BUYING AN EXISTING BUSINESS│
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
While there are definitely some advantages in buying an
established business, as compared to starting up a new
business from nothing, it can also be a lot more complicated
and involves many potential pitfalls that you must avoid.
The watchword in buying any kind of business should be
CAVEAT EMPTOR -- Let the buyer beware!
Common pitfalls you want to avoid include the following:
. WHY IS THE BUSINESS FOR SALE? This is probably
the first question you should ask. However, take
the answer with a grain of salt. Often the response
will be that the owner wants to retire or is in poor
health (never that he is having to work 80 hours a
week just to break even). Or the real reason may be
that the owner has been robbed several times lately,
and she wants O-U-T. Or the owners of a profitable
little corner grocery store may be anxious to sell
out while they can because they have just learned
that a major chain store supermarket will be opening
on the next block in a few months. Pity the poor
buyer who swallows the "bad health" story in the
latter case! One of your toughest jobs in deciding
whether to make an offer to buy an existing business
will be to become a sleuth and find out the REAL
reason the seller is selling. Just remember that a
good and profitable small business is not something
that most people walk away from, in most cases,
unless there is a compelling personal reason, or the
price that has been offered them is ridiculously high.
. WHAT KIND OF REPUTATION DOES THE FIRM HAVE? If it
has a good reputation, this may be the most important
thing you are paying for. On the other hand, you may
be much better off starting your own business from
scratch than acquiring one that has a poor reputation
because of shoddy merchandise or sleazy service. It
could take you years to overcome such a reputation.
. IS THE REPUTATION TRANSFERABLE? Even if the present
owner has an excellent business reputation, you will
want to know whether that goodwill is based on
personal relationships built up between the owner
and customers (that will not be easy to transfer to
you) or not. This is particularly important if the
business relies heavily on a few key customers or
suppliers with whom the owner has very favorable
business arrangements. Those arrangements could
evaporate when you attempt to take the owner's
place and you could wind up paying for a handful of
air.
. HOW PROFITABLE IS THE BUSINESS NOW? Unless you
have some very good reasons to believe you can run
it more profitably than the current owner, stay
away from a money-losing business or one that does
not produce a satisfactory profit. Thus, it is of
crucial importance to find out what the business
has actually earned for the last few years, since
the figures the owner shows you will invariably be
inflated to make the picture look rosy. Even if
the owner has audited financial statements, don't
blindly rely on them. You can be sure he will
have used every possible means to make recent earnings
look good, from deferring maintenance to capitalizing
every possible expense, and so on. Here your job
(with the help of a good financial adviser, probably
an accountant), will be to unpaint the carefully
painted picture, to find out how the business has
REALLY been doing.
HINTS ON FINDING OUT ABOUT WHAT THE BUSINESS EARNS:
(a) Insist on having the seller make the business's
financial and business records available to your
accountant and lawyer at an early stage in the
negotiations.
(b) Insist on seeing income tax and sales tax returns
for the last few years, not just financial
statements. (You can be sure the owner will not
have overstated his income on his tax returns!).
To be on the safe side, ask the seller's CPA to
transmit copies of the returns directly to you,
along with some kind of written assurance from
the CPA firm that those are the actual returns
that were filed, as last amended.
(c) Whatever you do, don't buy the old line that
the seller reports such low income on his tax
returns because he takes a lot of the profits
right out of the cash receipts drawer without
telling Uncle Sam. He may be telling the truth,
but why should you expect that he's telling you
the truth when he admits he's cheating on his
taxes? Particularly since there is no way to
tell how much, if any, he has been skimming.
. ARE YOU GETTING THE THINGS THAT MAKE THE BUSINESS
TICK? One of the key things you have to do in
investigating a business you intend to buy is to
find out what makes it tick, and make sure you are
buying that, whatever it is. For example, if it
appears that the business has well-developed customer
lists or mailing lists, those should ordinarily be
included in the sales agreement; if there are favorable
leases or other contracts, make sure they can and will
be assigned to you as the new owner; if patents,
trademarks, trade names or certain skilled employees
are vital to the business, be sure that you will get
them as part of the package. And, in many cases, you
will want the seller to sign a non-competition
agreement, so he or she won't simply continue the
business across the street under a different name,
financed with your money!
. ARE THERE ANY TIME BOMBS? You need to carefully assess
the assets you are acquiring and the liabilities you
are assuming if you buy the business. You should
personally inspect the premises, looking for things
like obsolete or unsalable inventory, out of date or
rundown equipment, or furniture or fixtures you may
soon have to repair or replace. Review the terms of
any leases. One reason some businesses close or sell
out is the imminent expiration of a favorable long-term
lease, if the landlord plans to either raise the rent
drastically or not renew the lease at all when the
current term expires. Also, go over receivables with
a fine-tooth comb, looking for significantly past due
accounts. You may even want to run credit checks on
a few major customers, if they make up a large part
of the receivables. The bankruptcy of one of those
customers could also bankrupt you.
. OTHER LIABILITIES. Not all liabilities of a business
show up on its accounting records. There may be any
number of hidden claims against the business, such
as security agreements encumbering the accounts
receivable, inventory or equipment, unpaid back taxes
of various kinds, undisclosed lawsuits or potential
lawsuits, or simply unpaid bills. If you are going
to assume liabilities of the business, the written
agreement of sale should specify exactly which
liabilities are being assumed and the dollar amount
of each.
. BE WARY OF BUYING STOCK OF A CORPORATION. If the
business you are about to buy is incorporated, you
will usually be well advised to offer to buy the
business assets from the corporation, rather than
buy the stock of the corporation itself, since the
latter approach will subject the business to all
hidden or contingent liabilities of the old corporation,
whether or not you have agreed to pay for or assume
any liabilities of the corporation that pre-dated the
sale. Also, you will frequently incur a tax disadvantage
if you buy the stock, since you will not get a free
step-up in the basis of the corporation's assets,
unlike a direct purchase of the assets. (One important
exception would be where the corporation has unused
tax loss or tax credit carryovers that could be used
to shelter some future income from tax. However,
the '86 Tax Reform Act has severely restricted the
use of such carryovers where there is more than a
50% change of ownership of the stock of a corporation
in a 3-year period.)
. AVOID PAYING TOO MUCH. One of the biggest potential
disadvantages in buying an existing business is that
you may pay too much for it, compared with what it
would cost you to start a new business from the
ground up, or compared with what someone else is
likely to be willing to pay you if you decide to
sell out. Even if the business turns out to be a
good one, if you overpay significantly it may take
you years of hard work to recover from this excessive
"hidden" cost of doing business.